Boron
Strong bones are vital to the structure of our body. As we age,
bones become weak and break. A boron supplement is an ideal nutrition
supplement for ensuring strong bones to our body.
Our body produces calcium required for our health from the food
we take in. Many times, we do not take in balanced food. Obviously,
the calcium in the blood will be low. In such situations, blood
borrows the calcium from the bones and the tissues. Once the calcium
level in the blood is restored, it is again given back to the
bones and the tissues. So long as this trade between the blood
and the bones are in equilibrium, everything is normal. To ensure
this normality, it is essential that we take balanced diet all
the time so that required amount of calcium is available in our
food intake.
However, the above ideal situation never happens. The required
level of calcium for a person varies during his or her life time.
It is not fixed all the time throughout the life. For example,
the calcium required for a woman during her pregnancy will be
higher than her pre and post pregnancy periods. How many of us
really pay attention to such details?
This is the reason why, always in the above trade between the
blood and the bones, the blood owes calcium to the bones. In fact
over a period time when we grow older day by day, the liability
of the blood to the bones to repay this calcium is multiplied.
A point will be reached that the blood will file insolvency petition.
The story is not stopped here. Since the blood is a very strong
fellow, he will no more ask permission from the bones to borrow
the calcium, but go to the extent of stealing. But our poor body
does not know all these and is a silent spectator without realizing
that ultimately it is going to perish. This process is called
osteoporosis. That is why, the osteoporosis is known as the silent
killer.
Now we should kill this osteoporosis. But we should be careful.
We should not be aggressive. We should be watchful. So long as
the blood owes a small portion of calcium for a relatively short
period, we should give the overdraft facility to the blood. The
moment the limit of overdraft exceeds, we should intervene.
How to intervene? Take the help of boron supplement. The boron
as a trace nutrient can prevent osteoporosis by reducing calcium
loss from the bones.
What it Does in the Body
Boron seems to be essential for healthy bone and joint function,
possibly via effects on the balance and absorption of calcium,
magnesium and phosphorus.1 It seems to affect cell membranes and
the way signals are transmitted across these membranes.
Boron affects the metabolism of steroid hormones and may also
play a role in converting vitamin D to its more active form, thus
increasing calcium uptake and deposition into bone. Boron also
increases male sex hormone levels.
Absorption and Metabolism
Boron is efficiently absorbed and excreted in the urine.
Boron Deficiency
Affects calcium and magnesium metabolism, and affects the composition,
structure and strength of bone.
Boron deficiency combined with magnesium deficiency appears
especially damaging in cases of osteoporosis.
Boron deficiency may also contribute to the formation of kidney
stones.
Boron deficiency also seems to decrease mental alertness.
There may also be a link between boron deficiency and osteoarthritis.
Boron concentrations in bones next to osteoarthritic joints may
be lower than in normal joints.
Therapeutic Uses of Supplements
Boron may be beneficial in the treatment of osteoporosis. Supplements
of around 3 mg per day have been shown to enhance the effects
of estrogen in postmenopausal women. This is likely to contribute
to its beneficial effects on bone health.
Studies done in 1994 on athletic college women suggest that boron
supplements decrease blood phosphorus concentration and increase
magnesium concentration. Both of these changes are beneficial
to bone-building. Because of its sex hormone-enhancing effects,
boron may help to protect against atherosclerosis.
Osteoarthritis
Boron supplements of 6 to 9 mg per day have been used to treat
osteoarthritis with some improvement of symptoms. Boron content
in arthritic bones may be lower than that of normal bones and
extra boron may increase bone hardness.
Other Uses
Boron, in the form of boric acid, has been used as a dusting powder
or lotion to treat bacterial and fungal infections. It is also
a component of some commercial mouthwashes. In borax solution
form, boron has been used to treat mouth ulcers, eye infections
and as a nasal douche.
Interactions with other Nutrients
Boron works with calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and vitamin D
in bone metabolism, growth and development. Animal studies show
that a deficiency of vitamin D increases the need for boron.
Cautions
The boric acid and borax forms of boron are toxic and should never
be consumed. Boron-containing powders should not be applied to
body cavities and mucous membranes as the body absorbs too much
and toxic effects can occur.
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Calcium
Calcium is an important component of a healthy diet and a mineral
necessary for life. The National Osteoporosis Foundation says,
"Calcium plays an important role in building stronger, denser
bones early in life and keeping bones strong and healthy later
in life." Approximately ninety-nine percent of the body's calcium
is stored in the bones and teeth. The rest of the calcium in the
body has other important uses, such as some exocytosis, especially
neurotransmitter release, and muscle contraction. In the electrical
conduction system of the heart, calcium replaces sodium as the
mineral that depolarizes the cell, proliferating the action potential.
In cardiac muscle, sodium influx commences an action potential,
but during potassium efflux, the cardiac myocyte experiences calcium
influx, prolonging the action potential and creating a plateau
phase of dynamic equilibrium. Long-term calcium deficiency can
lead to rickets and poor blood clotting and in case of a menopausal
woman, it can lead to osteoporosis, in which the bone deteriorates
and there is an increased risk of fractures. While a lifelong
deficit can affect bone and tooth formation, over-retention can
cause hypercalcemia (elevated levels of calcium in the blood),
impaired kidney function and decreased absorption of other minerals.
High calcium intakes or high calcium absorption were previously
thought to contribute to the development of kidney stones. However,
a high calcium intake has been associated with a lower risk for
kidney stones in more recent research. Vitamin D is needed to
absorb calcium.
Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, are a well-known source
of calcium. Some individuals are allergic to dairy products and
even more people, particularly those of non Indo-European descent,
are lactose-intolerant, leaving them unable to consume non-fermented
dairy products in quantities larger than about half a liter per
serving. Others, such as vegans, avoid dairy products for ethical
and health reasons. Fortunately, many good sources of calcium
exist. These include seaweeds such as kelp, wakame and hijiki;
nuts and seeds (like almonds and sesame); blackstrap molasses;
beans; oranges; figs; quinoa; amaranth; collard greens; okra;
rutabaga; broccoli; dandelion leaves; kale; and fortified products
such as orange juice and soy milk. Research has found an association
between diets high in animal protein and increased urinary calcium
loss from the bones. A diet high in fruit, vegetables and cereals
was demonstrated to result in greater femoral bone mineral density
in older men, in comparison to a range of other diets. Diets high
in candy were found to result in lower bone density in both men
and women . An overlooked source of calcium is eggshell, which
can be ground into a powder and mixed into food or a glass of
water. Cultivated vegetables generally have less calcium than
wild plants.
Dietary Calcium Supplements
Calcium supplements are used to prevent and to treat calcium deficiencies.
Most experts recommend that supplements be taken with food and
that no more than 600 mg should be taken at a time because the
percent of calcium absorbed decreases as the amount of calcium
in the supplement increases. It is recommended to spread doses
throughout the day. Recommended daily calcium intake for adults
ranges from 1000 to 1500 mg. It is recommended to take supplements
with food to aid in absorption.
Vitamin D is added to some calcium supplements. Proper vitamin
D status is important because vitamin D is converted to a hormone
in the body which then induces the synthesis of intestinal proteins
responsible for calcium absorption.
Prevention of Fractures Due to Osteoporosis
It is clear that increasing the intake of calcium promotes deposition
of calcium in the bones, where it is of more benefit in preventing
the compression fractures resulting from the osteoporotic thinning
of the dendritic web of the bodies of the vertebrae, than it is
at preventing the more serious cortical bone fractures which happen
at hip and wrist.
Possible Cancer Prevention
A meta-analysis by the international Cochrane Collaboration of
two randomized controlled trials found that calcium "might contribute
to a moderate degree to the prevention of adenomatous colonic
polyps".
More recent studies were conflicting, and one which was positive
for effect (Lappe, et al.) did control for a possible anti-carcinogenic
effect of vitamin D, which was found to be an independent positive
influence from calcium-alone on cancer risk
A randomized controlled trial found that 1000 mg of elemental
calcium and 400 IU of vitamin D3 had no effect on colorectal cancer
A randomized controlled trial found that 14001500 mg supplemental
calcium and 1100 IU vitamin D3 reduced aggregated cancers with
a relative risk of 0.402.
An observational cohort study found that high calcium and vitamin
D intake was associated with "lower risk of developing premenopausal
breast cancer."
Overdose
Exceeding the recommended daily calcium intake for an extended
period of time can result in hypercalcemia and calcium metabolism
disorder, as well as kidney stones.
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Chlorine
Chlorine exists in the form of a salt (chloride) in the human
body. It is present mostly in the extracellular fluid.
Chlorine is a greenish-yellow, poisonous, gaseous element with
a suffocating odour. In the body it is mostly present as sodium
chloride or common salt, which performs various essential functions.
Chlorine Benefits - Functions in
the Body
Chloride is essential for the proper distribution of carbon dioxide
and the maintenance of osmotic pressure in the tissues. It is
necessary for the manufacture of glandular hormone secretions.
It prevents the building of excessive fat and autointoxication.
Chloride regulates the alkali-acid balance in the blood. It works,
with potassium in a compound form. Potassium chloride is also
essential for the production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach,
which is needed for proper protein digestion. It is involved in
the maintenance of proper fluid and electrolyte balance in the
system.
Chlorine Rich Food Sources Chloride is found in barley, wheat,
and other grains and pulses, green leafy vegetables, and fruits
like melon, and pineapple.
The chloride that we take is mostly in the combined form of sodium
chloride. Hence the foods that contain large quantities of sodium
also contain chloride in the same proportion and vice versa.
Chlorine Deficiency Symptoms
Deficiency of chloride can occur when sodium chloride is restricted
during the active phase of general oedema or hypertension. The
symptoms produced are the same as those which occur with sodium
chloride deficiency. Excessive loss of salt from the body due
to perspiration can result in heat cramps.
Deficiency may lead to loss of hair and teeth. It may also result
in impaired digestion of foods and derangement of fluid levels
in the body.
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Chromium
Chromium
is a mineral that humans require in trace amounts, although its
mechanisms of action in the body and the amounts needed for optimal
health are not well defined.
It is Found Primarily in Two Forms
Trivalent (chromium 3+), which is biologically active and found
in food
Hexavalent (chromium 6+), a toxic form that results from industrial
pollution.
This fact sheet focuses exclusively on trivalent (3+) chromium.
Chromium is known to enhance the action of insulin, a hormone
critical to the metabolism and storage of carbohydrate, fat, and
protein in the body. In 1957, a compound in brewers' yeast was
found to prevent an age-related decline in the ability of rats
to maintain normal levels of sugar (glucose) in their blood. Chromium
was identified as the active ingredient in this so-called "glucose
tolerance factor" in 1959. Chromium also appears to be directly
involved in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism, but more
research is needed to determine the full range of its roles in
the body.
The Challenges to Meeting this Goal
Include
Defining the types of individuals who respond to chromium supplementation.
Evaluating the chromium content of foods and its bioavailability
Determining if a clinically relevant chromium-deficiency state
exists in humans due to inadequate dietary intakes
Developing valid and reliable measures of chromium status.
What AffectsChromium Levels in the
Body?
Absorption of chromium from the intestinal tract is low, ranging
from less than 0.4% to 2.5% of the amount consumed, and the remainder
is excreted in the feces. Enhancing the mineral's absorption are
vitamin C (found in fruits and vegetables and their juices) and
the B vitamin niacin (found in meats, poultry, fish, and grain
products). Absorbed chromium is stored in the liver, spleen, soft
tissue, and bone.
The body's chromium content may be reduced under several conditions.
Diets high in simple sugars (comprising more than 35% of calories)
can increase chromium excretion in the urine. Infection, acute
exercise, pregnancy and lactation, and stressful states (such
as physical trauma) increase chromium losses and can lead to deficiency,
especially if chromium intakes are already low.
When can a Chromium Ceficiency Occur?
In the 1960s, chromium was found to correct glucose intolerance
and insulin resistance in deficient animals, two indicators that
the body is failing to properly control blood-sugar levels and
which are precursors of type 2 diabetes. However, reports of actual
chromium deficiency in humans are rare. Three hospitalized patients
who were fed intravenously showed signs of diabetes (including
weight loss, neuropathy, and impaired glucose tolerance) until
chromium was added to their feeding solution. The chromium, added
at doses of 150 to 250 mcg/day for up to two weeks, corrected
their diabetes symptoms. Chromium is now routinely added to intravenous
solutions.
Who May Need Extra Chromium?
There are reports of significant age-related decreases in the
chromium concentrations of hair, sweat and blood, which might
suggest that older people are more vulnerable to chromium depletion
than younger adults. One cannot be sure, however, as chromium
status is difficult to determine. That's because blood, urine,
and hair levels do not necessarily reflect body stores. Furthermore,
no chromium-specific enzyme or other biochemical marker has been
found to reliably assess a person's chromium status.
There is considerable interest in the possibility that supplemental
chromium may help to treat impaired glucose tolerance and type
2 diabetes, but the research to date is inconclusive. No large,
randomized, controlled clinical trials testing this hypothesis
have been reported in the United States. Nevertheless, this is
an active area of research.
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Copper
Copper is required by the body to produce certain enzymes, such
as Superoxide Dismutase, a very powerful antioxidant. Its also
used to build various proteins, such as collagen, which is used
to build in connective tissue, bones and skin. Copper also helps
the body use its stored iron, a mineral that is very important
in red blood cell production, and may also play a vital role in
proper immune function and fertility. Seeking a good treatment
for healthy skin and hair? Copper plays a role in producing melanin,
a dark pigment found in hair and skin, as well as in the eyes.
Not only does copper play a daily role in the body, it may also
be a factor in preventing and treating a number of medical conditions.
Studies are showing that the copper supplement may actually provide
protection against free radical damage, a leading factor in cell
damage that can lead to more serious conditions, such as cancer
and heart disease. It can also be of help to the heart by helping
to steady high blood pressure and irregular heart beat, and by
helping to keep cholesterol at a healthy level. New evidence is
showing that copper supplement may also be important in the prevention
of osteoporosis, a disease that affects more than 10 million Americans,
most of whom are women.
In fact, one study of healthy women between the ages of 45-56
gave some promising results. Of the study participants, those
who took 3 mg copper each day had no change in mineral bone density,
while those on a placebo had considerable bone density loss. Maintaining
bone density is the number one way to stop osteoporosis.
How to Make the Most Out of Copper?
Adults should be getting between 1.5 and 3 mg of copper daily
to maintain proper health, although there is no RDA for copper.
Copper Deficiency
At least 20 percent of the population suffers from a deficiency
of copper, a trace mineral that is essential to good health. Yet
few people are aware of the health disorders that are associated
with copper deficiency:
Osteoporosis
Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
Cardiovascular disease
Chronic conditions involving bone, connective tissue, heart
and blood vessels
Colon cancer In infants and children.
Copper Deficiency may Result in
Anemia
Bone abnormalities
Impaired growth,
Weight gain,
Frequent infections (colds, flu, pneumonia)
Poor motor coordination and low energy.
Even a mild copper deficiency, which affects a much larger percentage
of the population, can impair health in subtle ways.
Symptoms of Mild Copper Deficiency
Lowered resistance to infections
Reproductive problems
General fatigue
Impaired brain function
What Causes Copper Deficiency?
You may get a copper deficiency if you:
Eat a poor diet
Suffer digestive disorders, prolonged bouts of diarrhea or liver
problems
Improperly take micronutrient supplements, especially iron and
zinc
Who is Most At Risk for Copper Deficiency?
Those who are most susceptible to copper deficiency include:
The elderly, athletes and those engaged in hard physical work
Vegetarians, particularly those who do not consume dairy products
Pregnant women and their fetuses
Premature infants, especially those with very low birth weights
Full-term infants who are fed unfortified formula or cow's milk
(which contains low concentrations of copper bound to milk proteins)
What to Do to Prevent Copper Deficiency?
Eating a balanced diet, with a range of food from different
food groups, is the best way to avoid copper deficiency.
Copper supplements can prevent copper deficiency, but they should
be taken only under a doctor's supervision.
A Doctor may Prescribe Copper Supplements
for Patients who
Have illnesses that reduce digestion
Are unable to eat sufficient quantities of food
Take medications that block the use of copper (such as antacids
and some prescription drugs)
Recovering from other serious illness or injury
At risk for osteoporosis
Remember . . . A mild copper deficiency is difficult to diagnose,
yet the condition can increase the risk of many health problems,
particularly among the very young and the elderly. If you think
you or your child may require a copper supplement, discuss this
with your doctor.
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Germanium
Germanium is a trace mineral that has been called one of the greatest
new developments in the nutritional treatment of cancer. In its
inorganic form germanium has no nutritional benefits, although
it is an effective semiconductor, or a substance that is good
at transporting electrons. Inorganic germanium is related to silicon,
and is used in the electronics industry to make computer chips.
However, organic germanium, also called Germanium-132, or Ge-Oxy
132, has been shown to protect the body from cancerous cell and
tumor growth by strengthening the immune system. Germanium may
be a potential treatment for cancer as well as other degenerative
diseases associated with aging and free radical damage.
Organic germanium was first successfully synthesized by Dr. Kazuhiko
Asai of Tokyo, Japan. Dr. Asai found that organic germanium protect
against cancer by stimulating the production of interferon, a
substance that stimulates the production of natural killer (NK)
cells, which directly combat cancer cells. Dr. Asai was the first
to develop the process for producing an organic germanium that
was chemically identical to the form extracted from plants, but
much less costly and therefore more accessible to the public.
The chemical name for this organic germanium compound is bis-carboxyethyl
germanium sesquioxide. Since then, several other Japanese companies
have patented other processes for the production of organic germanium.
Organic germanium helps increases oxygen in the body, which has
been shown to retard the growth of cancer cells an may even help
return those cells to their normal state. Dr. Otto Warburg, who
won the Nobel prize for his cancer research, discovered that cancer
cells cannot survive in an oxygen-rich environment. Organic germanium
carries oxygen across cellular membranes into the cell, which
helps fight diseases caused by insufficient cellular oxygenation,
or oxidative free-radical damage. One study published in the Journal
of Interferon Research concluded that organic germanium restored
the function of T-cells, B-lymphocytes, and natural killer cell
activity, while increasing the number of antibody-forming cells,
without any side effects.
Germanium may Help Treat
Cancer of the lungs
Bladder
Larynx and breast
Depression
Asthma
Arthritis
Heavy metal poisoning
Sinus infection
Diabetes
Hypertension
Heart disease
Neuralgia
Leukemia
Cirrhosis
Caution
Organic germanium may cause minor side effects, including skin
rash and diarrhea. Therapeutic doses of germanium should be administered
only under the care of a qualified physician, with appropriate
monitoring of kidney function. In addition, most research indicates
that germanium functions best when used in conjunction with, rather
than in place of, traditional or alternative cancer therapy.
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Iodine
Iodine is a trace mineral that your body
uses to ure thyroid hormones, which are in turn vital to maintaining
a normal metabolism. it is essential in the healthy maturation
of children's brains, and the development and normal functioning
of the reproductive system.
Iodine helps regulate your body's use of food and energy, as well
as keeping skin, hair, nails and bones healthy by helping the
body use calcium and phosphorus.
Iodine and Thyroid Functioning
Taking Iodine supplements odine has a major role to play in the
making of thyroxin and triodothyronine, two hormones that help
the body grow and develop properly, as well as influencing the
maturation of the reproductive system.
The link between iodine and thyroid functioning means that iodine
plays a major role in the metabolic processes in your body.
The link between iodine and thyroid functioning means that iodine
plays a major role in the metabolic processes in your body. It
helps regulate the way that your body burns calories and maintains
your energy level. It also helps your body maintain strong nails
and bones and healthy hair. There's evidence, in fact, that the
benefit of iodine supplements may extend to most of your body's
systems.
Iodine Deficiency
The most widely recognized and understood facet of iodine use
within the body is its regulation of thyroid hormones. This is
of particular interest to women, who seem to experience thyroid
irregularities far more frequently than men. Iodine is also useful
as a bacterial inhibitor, per its use as a topical skin disinfectant,
and a purifying agent in water.
Recently I learned that iodine plays quite the role in preventing
Fibrocystic Breast Disease. It appears to normalize the effect
of estrogen in breast tissue which would also lead us to believe
that by lowering the effects of estrogen in the breast that it
may also play a role in the prevention of breast cancer in general.
In addition, it seems that several experts agree that overall
iodine deficiency plays a role in immune system function as well.
While goiter (enlarged thyroid) is the most recognizable symptom
of iodine deficiency, there are other warning signs to watch out
for concerning hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
• Hypothyroidism: (fatigue, weight gain, lethargy, depression).
• Hyperthyroidism: (weight loss, rapid heartbeat, changes
in appetite).
Proper Iodine levels may play a role in the prevention and/or
treatment of:
Cognitive impairment
Fibrocystic breast disease
Goiter
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Multiple miscarriages
Breast Cancer
Diabetes
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Iron
Iron is one of the most abundant metals on Earth, is essential
to most life forms and to normal human physiology. Iron is an
integral part of many proteins and enzymes that maintain good
health. In humans, iron is an essential component of proteins
involved in oxygen transport. It is also essential for the regulation
of cell growth and differentiation. A deficiency of iron limits
oxygen delivery to cells, resulting in fatigue, poor work performance,
and decreased immunity. On the other hand, excess amounts of iron
can result in toxicity and even death.
Almost two-thirds of iron in the body is found in hemoglobin,
the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to tissues.
Smaller amounts of iron are found in myoglobin, a protein that
helps supply oxygen to muscle, and in enzymes that assist biochemical
reactions. Iron is also found in proteins that store iron for
future needs and that transport iron in blood. Iron stores are
regulated by intestinal iron absorption.
What Affects Iron Absorption?
Iron absorption refers to the amount of dietary iron that the
body obtains and uses from food. Healthy adults absorb about 10%
to 15% of dietary iron, but individual absorption is influenced
by several factors].
Storage levels of iron have the greatest influence on iron absorption.
Iron absorption increases when body stores are low. When iron
stores are high, absorption decreases to help protect against
toxic effects of iron overload. Iron absorption is also influenced
by the type of dietary iron consumed. Absorption of heme iron
from meat proteins is efficient. Absorption of heme iron ranges
from 15% to 35%, and is not significantly affected by diet. In
contrast, 2% to 20% of nonheme iron in plant foods such as rice,
maize, black beans, soybeans and wheat is absorbed. Nonheme iron
absorption is significantly influenced by various food components.
Meat proteins and vitamin C will improve the absorption of nonheme
iron. Tannins (found in tea), calcium, polyphenols, and phytates
(found in legumes and whole grains) can decrease absorption of
nonheme iron. Some proteins found in soybeans also inhibit nonheme
iron absorption. It is most important to include foods that enhance
nonheme iron absorption when daily iron intake is less than recommended,
when iron losses are high (which may occur with heavy menstrual
losses), when iron requirements are high (as in pregnancy), and
when only vegetarian nonheme sources of iron are consumed.
When Can Iron Deficiency Occur?
The World Health Organization considers iron deficiency the number
one nutritional disorder in the world. As many as 80% of the world's
population may be iron deficient, while 30% may have iron deficiency
anemia.
Iron deficiency develops gradually and usually begins with a negative
iron balance, when iron intake does not meet the daily need for
dietary iron. This negative balance initially depletes the storage
form of iron while the blood hemoglobin level, a marker of iron
status, remains normal. Iron deficiency anemia is an advanced
stage of iron depletion. It occurs when storage sites of iron
are deficient and blood levels of iron cannot meet daily needs.
Blood hemoglobin levels are below normal with iron deficiency
anemia.
Iron deficiency anemia can be associated with low dietary intake
of iron, inadequate absorption of iron, or excessive blood loss.
Women of childbearing age, pregnant women, preterm and low birth
weight infants, older infants and toddlers, and teenage girls
are at greatest risk of developing iron deficiency anemia because
they have the greatest need for iron. Women with heavy menstrual
losses can lose a significant amount of iron and are at considerable
risk for iron deficiency. Adult men and post-menopausal women
lose very little iron, and have a low risk of iron deficiency.
Individuals with kidney failure, especially those being treated
with dialysis, are at high risk for developing iron deficiency
anemia. This is because their kidneys cannot create enough erythropoietin,
a hormone needed to make red blood cells. Both iron and erythropoietin
can be lost during kidney dialysis. Individuals who receive routine
dialysis treatments usually need extra iron and synthetic erythropoietin
to prevent iron deficiency. Vitamin A helps mobilize iron from
its storage sites, so a deficiency of vitamin A limits the body's
ability to use stored iron. This results in an "apparent" iron
deficiency because hemoglobin levels are low even though the body
can maintain normal amounts of stored iron. While uncommon in
the U.S., this problem is seen in developing countries where vitamin
A deficiency often occurs. Chronic malabsorption can contribute
to iron depletion and deficiency by limiting dietary iron absorption
or by contributing to intestinal blood loss. Most iron is absorbed
in the small intestines. Gastrointestinal disorders that result
in inflammation of the small intestine may result in diarrhea,
poor absorption of dietary iron, and iron depletion.
Signs of Iron Deficiency Anemia
Include
Feeling tired and weak
Decreased work and school performance
Slow cognitive and social development during childhood
Difficulty maintaining body temperature
Decreased immune function, which increases susceptibility to
infection
Glossitis (an inflamed tongue)
Eating nonnutritive substances such as dirt and clay, often referred
to as pica or geophagia, is sometimes seen in persons with iron
deficiency. There is disagreement about the cause of this association.
Some researchers believe that these eating abnormalities may result
in an iron deficiency. Other researchers believe that iron deficiency
may somehow increase the likelihood of these eating problems .
People with chronic infectious, inflammatory, or malignant disorders
such as arthritis and cancer may become anemic. However, the anemia
that occurs with inflammatory disorders differs from iron deficiency
anemia and may not respond to iron supplements. Research suggests
that inflammation may over-activate a protein involved in iron
metabolism. This protein may inhibit iron absorption and reduce
the amount of iron circulating in blood, resulting in anemia.
Who may need Extra Iron to Prevent
a Deficiency?
Three groups of people are most likely to benefit from iron supplements:
people with a greater need for iron, individuals who tend to lose
more iron, and people who do not absorb iron normally.
These Individuals Include
Pregnant women
Preterm and low birth weight infant
Older infants and toddlers
Teenage girls
Women of childbearing age, especially those with heavy menstrual
losses
People with renal failure, especially those undergoing routine
dialysis
People with gastrointestinal disorders who do not absorb iron
normally
Celiac Disease and Crohn's Syndrome are associated with gastrointestinal
malabsorption and may impair iron absorption. Iron supplementation
may be needed if these conditions result in iron deficiency anemia.
Women taking oral contraceptives may experience less bleeding
during their periods and have a lower risk of developing an iron
deficiency. Women who use an intrauterine device (IUD) to prevent
pregnancy may experience more bleeding and have a greater risk
of developing an iron deficiency. If laboratory tests indicate
iron deficiency anemia, iron supplements may be recommended.
More Facts About Iron
Iron supplementation is indicated when diet alone cannot restore
deficient iron levels to normal within an acceptable timeframe.
Supplements are especially important when an individual is experiencing
clinical symptoms of iron deficiency anemia. The goals of providing
oral iron supplements are to supply sufficient iron to restore
normal storage levels of iron and to replenish hemoglobin deficits.
When hemoglobin levels are below normal, physicians often measure
serum ferritin, the storage form of iron. A serum ferritin level
less than or equal to 15 micrograms per liter confirms iron deficiency
anemia in women, and suggests a possible need for iron supplementation.
Supplemental iron is available in two forms: ferrous and ferric.
Ferrous iron salts (ferrous fumarate, ferrous sulfate, and ferrous
gluconate) are the best absorbed forms of iron supplements. Elemental
iron is the amount of iron in a supplement that is available for
absorption.
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Magnesium
Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral in the body and
is essential to good health. Approximately 50% of total body magnesium
is found in bone. The other half is found predominantly inside
cells of body tissues and organs. Only 1% of magnesium is found
in blood, but the body works very hard to keep blood levels of
magnesium constant.
Magnesium is needed for more than 300 biochemical reactions in
the body. It helps maintain normal muscle and nerve function,
keeps heart rhythm steady, supports a healthy immune system, and
keeps bones strong. Magnesium also helps regulate blood sugar
levels, promotes normal blood pressure, and is known to be involved
in energy metabolism and protein synthesis. There is an increased
interest in the role of magnesium in preventing and managing disorders
such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Dietary
magnesium is absorbed in the small intestines. Magnesium is excreted
through the kidneys.
When Can Magnesium Deficiency Occur?
Even though dietary surveys suggest that many Americans do not
get recommended amounts of magnesium, symptoms of magnesium deficiency
are rarely seen in the US. However, there is concern that many
people may not have enough body stores of magnesium because dietary
intake may not be high enough. Having enough body stores of magnesium
may be protective against disorders such as cardiovascular disease
and immune dysfunction.
The health status of the digestive system and the kidneys significantly
influence magnesium status. Magnesium is absorbed in the intestines
and then transported through the blood to cells and tissues. Approximately
one-third to one-half of dietary magnesium is absorbed into the
body. Gastrointestinal disorders that impair absorption such as
Crohn's disease can limit the body's ability to absorb magnesium.
These disorders can deplete the body's stores of magnesium and
in extreme cases may result in magnesium deficiency. Chronic or
excessive vomiting and diarrhea may also result in magnesium depletion.
Healthy kidneys are able to limit urinary excretion of magnesium
to make up for low dietary intake. However, excessive loss of
magnesium in urine can be a side effect of some medications and
can also occur in cases of poorly-controlled diabetes and alcohol
abuse.
Early signs of magnesium deficiency include loss of appetite,
nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and weakness. As magnesium deficiency
worsens, numbness, tingling, muscle contractions and cramps, seizures
(sudden changes in behaviors caused by excessive electrical activity
in the brain), personality changes, abnormal heart rhythms, and
coronary spasms can occur. Severe magnesium deficiency can result
in low levels of calcium in the blood (hypocalcemia). Magnesium
deficiency is also associated with low levels of potassium in
the blood (hypokalemia).
Many of these symptoms are general and can result from a variety
of medical conditions other than magnesium deficiency. It is important
to have a physician evaluate health complaints and problems so
that appropriate care can be given.
Who May Need Extra Magnesium?
Magnesium supplementation may be indicated when a specific health
problem or condition causes an excessive loss of magnesium or
limits magnesium absorption.
Some medicines may result in magnesium deficiency, including certain
diuretics, antibiotics, and medications used to treat cancer (anti-neoplastic
medication). Examples of these Medications
Diuretics: Lasix, Bumex, Edecrin, and hydrochlorothiazide
Antibiotics: Gentamicin, and Amphotericin
Anti-neoplastic medication: Cisplatin
Individuals with poorly-controlled diabetes may benefit from
magnesium supplements because of increased magnesium
loss in urine associated with hyperglycemia.
Magnesium supplementation may be indicated for persons with alcoholism.
Low blood levels of magnesium occur in 30% to 60% of alcoholics,
and in nearly 90% of patients experiencing alcohol withdrawal.
Anyone who substitutes alcohol for food will usually have significantly
lower magnesium intakes.
Individuals with chronic malabsorptive problems such as Crohn's
disease, gluten sensitive enteropathy, regional enteritis, and
intestinal surgery may lose magnesium through diarrhea and fat
malabsorption. Individuals with these conditions may need supplemental
magnesium.
Individuals with chronically low blood levels of potassium and
calcium may have an underlying problem with magnesium deficiency.
Magnesium supplements may help correct the potassium and calcium
deficiencies.
Older adults are at increased risk for magnesium deficiency. The
1999-2000 and 1998-94 National Health and Nutrition Examination
Surveys suggest that older adults have lower dietary intakes of
magnesium than younger adults. In addition, magnesium absorption
decreases and renal excretion of magnesium increases in older
adults. Seniors are also more likely to be taking drugs that interact
with magnesium. This combination of factors places older adults
at risk for magnesium deficiency. It is very important for older
adults to get recommended amounts of dietary magnesium.
Doctors can evaluate magnesium status when above-mentioned medical
problems occur, and determine the need for magnesium supplementation.
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Manganese
Manganese is a trace mineral that is present at very tiny amounts
in our body. Your body most likely would contain around 20 milligrams
of manganese and most of them will be found and concentrated in
your bones, kidneys, liver and pancreas.
Supplementation with manganese improves the effectiveness of the
absorption of vitamins such as vitamin E and B, and minerals such
as magnesium. This reinforcing effect of manganese on magnesium
has been seen to be mutual, meaning that magnesium also helps
in manganese absorption.
Manganese is a trace mineral, and as such, it is present in very
small amounts in the body. About 20 milligrams of manganese is
found mostly in bones and metabolically active organs like the
liver, kidneys and pancreas. The primary role of manganese is
as a coenzyme in a variety of metabolic processes. It helps the
body produce energy from foods, and it is also involved in thyroid
function and bone formation. In addition, manganese is involved
in immune system function, and it can help to heal muscular strains
and sprains. Manganese also supports mineral transport and absorption,
which keeps skin, bones and cartilage healthy. Manganese is a
popular supplement among athletes who eat high protein diets.
Since excess protein can deplete the body of certain minerals,
including manganese, many athletes take mineral supplements that
include manganese. Because athletes are prone to muscular strains
and sprains as well as inflammatory conditions, it is important
for them to ensure adequate intake of the mineral.
Functions of Manganese
Manganese serves many functions in your body. It primarily works
as a coenzyme that facilitates various metabolic processes in
the body. The benefits of manganese in the body vary largely.
It is involved in bone formation, thyroid function, formation
of connective tissues, sex hormone function, calcium absorption,
blood sugar regulation, immune function and in fat and carbohydrate
metabolism. Considering these vital functions, manganese nutrition
is very important to make sure that these functions will go well
in your body. As
a coenzyme, Manganese support the enzyme superoxide dismutase
(SOD), a powerful antioxidant enzyme that functions to prevent
inflammation and other damage from free radicals that result from
oxidative stress in the body. Manganese is essential to the proper
function of SOD, and manganese supplements may boost the antioxidant
activity of this important enzyme.
Research
to determine other possible uses of manganese supplements has
found that the mineral may help to improve cognitive symptoms
as well as reduce irritability and nervousness. Manganese may
also help people with diabetes, and it may reduce fatigue and
weakness in some people as well. People with epilepsy and arthritis
may also benefit from manganese supplements.
The Risks of Manganese Deficiency
There is actually no recommended dietary allowance for manganese,
but normally about 5 milligrams per day is enough. If you do not
get enough manganese in your daily diet, you stand the risk of
manganese deficiency. Deficiency in manganese leads to various
health problems which may include
Bone malformation
Eye and hearing problems
High cholesterol levels
Hypertension
Infertility
Weakness
Heart disorders
Memory loss
Muscle contraction
Tremors
Seizures
Deficiency in manganese is quite rare considering that they are
naturally abundant in foods, but interestingly experts now estimates
about 37% of the population to be deficient caused by improper
diet and eating habits. Also, many factors can inhibit magnesium
absorption. For example, calcium and iron is seen to interfere
with the proper utilization of manganese in the body.
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Molybdenum
Molybdenum is an essential trace mineral in animal and human nutrition.
Molybdenum is involved in the pathways of purine degradation and
formation of uric acid. In some animals, adding a small amount
of dietary molybdenum enhances growth. In human, molybdenum forms
oxides and is a component of a pterin coenzyme essential for the
activity of xanthine oxidase, sulfite oxidase, and aldehyde oxidase.
Molybdenum is a component of several important interactions that
lead to detoxification of the liver. Molybdenum is concentrated
primarily in the liver, kidney, bone, and skin. Molybdenum absorption
occurs readily in gastrointestinal tract, and excretion occurs
primarily via the urine. Beans, beef liver, cereal grains, dark
green leafy vegetables, legumes, and peas are all good sources
of molybdenum.
Functions of Molybdenum
Molybdenum functions as a cofactor for a number of enzymes that
catalyze important chemical transformations in the global carbon,nitrogen,
and sulfur cycles. Molybdenum is the cofactor for human enzymes,
including xanthine oxidase, sulfite oxidase, and aldehyde oxidase.
In humans, xanthine oxidase is normally found in the liver and
not free in the blood. During severe liver damage, xanthine oxidase
is released into the blood, so a blood assay for XO is a way to
determine if liver damage has happened. Sulfite oxidase is responsible
for breaking down sulfites. Sulfite oxidase is also important
in the sulfation of various compounds, especially in the brain.
This is particularly important, as the brain is often dramatically
affected during bouts of chemical sensitivity. In humans, genetic
deficiency of sulfite oxidase leads to severe neurological abnormalities,
mental retardation and, in several cases, attenuated growth of
the brain. Aldehyde oxidase is a molybdenum cofactor-containing
soluble enzyme present in the liver and other tissues of several
mammalian species. Despite its name, aldehyde oxidase is involved
not only in the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids but
also in the oxidation of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds
and the reduction of nitro-aromatic compounds, isoxazole, and
isothiazole ring systems. Molybdenum is a facilitator of liver
detoxification. Molybdenum is involved in breaking down certain
amino acids (the building blocks of protein) and the production
of waste products for excretion in the urine. It is involved in
the chemical reactions that form bone, cartilage and blood.
Molybdenum Deficiency
Molybdenum Deficiency is rare in healthy people. However, if the
body does not get enough molybdenum, certain enzymes needed by
the body are affected. This may lead to a build up of unwanted
substances in some people. In theory, deficiency of the molybdenum
cofactor (Moco) causes a severe disease in humans that usually
results in premature death in early childhood and is inherited
as an autosomal recessive trait.
Some Possible Symptoms of a Molybdenum
Deficiency
Acne
Eczema
Allergies
Athletes foot
Bladder infection
Impotence
Canker sores
Gum Disease
Cavities
Obesity
Side Effects, Precautions, Toxicity,
and Drug Interactions
Large amounts of molybdenum may cause your body to lose copper.
A high intake of molybdenum can alter the activity of alkaline
phosphatase. Occasional side effects reported with large doses
of this dietary supplement (10-15mg per day) include gout-like
symptoms. Molybdenum dusts and molybdenum compounds, such as molybdenum
trioxide and water-soluble molybdates, may have slight toxicities
if inhaled or ingested orally. Symptoms of molybdenum toxicity
include diarrhea, depressed growth rate, and anemia.
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Phosphorus
An essential macromineral and vital to adequate human nutrition,
phosphorus plays a key part in the function and structure of the
body. In its pentavalent phosphate form, phosphorus is central
to the process of bone mineralization and structural makeup of
bone. In fact, the phosphorous present in bone accounts for roughly
85% of all phosphorus found in the adult human body. In addition,
phosphorus is included in the structure of nucleotides and nucleic
acids (including adenosine triphosphate). And, the structure of
cellular membranes is composed of phosphorus in its phospholipid
form. It has been said that life is built upon phosphorus.
Mineralization of bone relies on cell ability to actively transport
phosphate. Recent evidence suggests that expression of a particular
gene, regulated by phosphate, may be involved in bone mineralization.
Science has also discovered phosphate to be involved with regulating
the expression of the phosphorylated glycoprotein osteopontin,
which among other things, is thought to modulate hydroxyapatite
crystal elongation.
Phosphorus is essential for the structure and function of your
body, phosphorus is also vital for communication between cells
and for energy production. It is found in most foods and deficiency
is rare, but too much phosphorus can upset your mineral balance
and decrease calcium levels.
How It Works
Phosphorus is needed for the production of energy from food and
to activate the B-complex vitamins (also involved in energy production).
It is a component of genetic material, essential for growth and
repair, and combines with calcium to form calcium phosphate, which
makes teeth and bones rigid. Phosphorus requires vitamin D and
calcium in order to function and you need to have twice as much
calcium as phosphorus for both to work properly.
Phosphorus Deficiency
Because the amount of phosphorus consumed as part of a regular
diet is generally sufficient, deficiency problems are rare. However,
it is possible for alcoholics and people who take large doses
of antacids containing aluminum to develop a phosphorus deficiency.
In addition, when looking at the relationship between calcium
and phosphorus, both important for healthy bones, one study showed
that the absorption of phosphorus can be negatively affected by
taking calcium. The diets consumed by most individuals throughout
the United States contain ample amounts of phosphorus. Still,
elderly people who supplement their diets with large amounts of
calcium may have an increased chance of becoming deficient in
phosphorus. Because of this, those conducting the study recommend
that elderly people take at least some of their calcium supplement
in the form of tricalcium phosphate or other preparation containing
phosphorus.
Deficiency Symptoms
Bone pain
Weak, soft bones
Twitching muscles
Loss of appetite
Fatigue
Benefits of Phosphorus Supplements
Bone Health - Phosphorus is needed to maintain bone density,
and an increased intake may shorten the time broken bones
take to heal.
Energy Booster - Phosphorus is valued by athletes because it
increases endurance and reduces tiredness.
Alcoholism - Phosphorus supplements are thought to reduce alcohol
withdrawal symptoms. Heavy drinkers are
usually deficient in phosphorus and may need to take supplement.
Kidney Stones - Kidney stones reduces the level of calcium in
urine and may help to protect against the formation
of kidney stones.
Phosphorus supplement is essential for the structure and efficiency
of your body, phosphorus helps to boost
energy levels and fight fatigue.
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Potassium
One of the most important minerals needed by our body to remain
healthy is Potassium. The most vital function of Potassium is
to keep blood pressure under control and aid in intra-cellular
nutrient transfer. Potassium is helpful and useful in the smooth
muscle functions, cellular functioning, contractions of muscles,
building of muscles, nerve transmission and the conversion of
glucose into the energy giving glycogen. It also regulates the
secretion of aldosterone, which is a hormone found in the human
body.
Potassium is one of the electrolytes we all require to maintain
health.
It is needed for growth, building muscles, transmission of nerve
impulses, heart activity etc. Potassium, together with sodium
- potassium inside the cell and sodium in the fluid surrounding
the cell, work together for the nervous system to transmit messages
as well as regulating the contraction of muscles.
Importance
of Potassium in Human Body
Potassium is a very important mineral that helps us feel and be
healthy everyday. Potassium is found inside the human body cells
(also found outside the body cells in very small quantity of about
2-3% of total Potassium contents of the body). Potassium plays
an important role in smooth muscular and cellular functioning,
cardiovascular functioning, muscle contractions, nerve transmission,
in conversion of glucose into glycogen and muscle building etc.
Potassium in body is necessary to monitor and regulate aldosterone
(hormone found in human body). It also plays an important role
of a catalyst for many types of enzymes inside the human body,
in other terms; it helps in spawning many important chemical reactions
inside human body. It is believed by many people (doctors) that
Potassium helps in improving ATP hydrolysis.
Potassium is called Natural Diuretic as it easily gets absorbed
by our body and almost 85-90% of it is excreted from our bowels
and kidneys (urine). Because of its alkaline property, it is a
very important mineral which helps our body system to maintain
of pH level balanced and also to maintain proper level of water
inside body. The most important function of Potassium in human
body is to keep blood pressure under control and help in intra-cellular
nutrient transfer. It also helps in keeping acne, some type of
allergies, fatigue, kidney stones etc. problems at bay.
It is very important to take healthy and Potassium rich diet everyday
in order to keep our body functioning properly and feel healthy.
Potassium Deficiency (Hypokalemia)
A medical condition in which our body fails to retain minimum
necessary amount of Potassium required for its day to day functioning
is called as Potassium deficiency or hypokalemia. Potassium deficiency
(hypokalemia) can be fatal at times if not taken care of. A person
may also develop Potassium deficiency due to extra excretion of
Potassium or lower quantity of Potassium in daily diet.
Effects / Symptoms
The effects or symptoms of deficiency of potassium in the human
body are visible in the following forms
Fatigue
Unusual Anxiety and Confusion
Temporary memory loss or weak memory
Heart Deterioration
Improper digestion leading to hypertension, improper sleep,
nervous system deterioration and constipation
Ringing or vibrating noise in ear in some cases
Patient may experience problems such as Myalgia and muscular
weakness
Skin related problems such as blistering, skin eruptions, dryness
of skin etc.
Patient is prone to heart related problems, such as heart deterioration.
In some cases patient may experience ringing/noise in ear.
What are the Causes of Hypokalemia?
There can be more than one reasons of potassium deficiency (hypokalemia)
in a person such as lower level of Potassium in daily diet (i.e.
insufficient potassium consumption), excess potassium excretion
through bowel motions or urine, if a person is undergoing medication
that as a side effect causes lowering in Potassium level in body,
if a patient is suffering from problems such as diabetic ketoacidosis,
related to renal salt transporters (Bartter Syndrome or Gitelman
Syndrome), it may lead to hypokalemia, if a person is suffering
from diseases which cause excessive excretion of potassium through
bowel motion or urination can lead to hypokalemia etc.
Treatments Available for Hypokalemia
Hypokalemia is generally treated by treating the symptoms a patient
is experiencing i.e. if a person is suffering from diarrhea or
constipation then he/she is treated for the problem so as to stop/regulate
Potassium loss from his/her body. Your physician may also suggest
you medication to improve Potassium level in your body.
The patient is generally asked to take balanced diet for days
in order to restore the physical health pertaining Potassium level
and its role in metabolism.
However, your physician may decide the treatment to be followed
based on the severity of hypokalemia you are suffering from.
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Selenium
Selenium is an essential trace mineral in the body. Selenium is
an important part of antioxidant function, as well as the healthy
operation of the immune system and thyroid gland.
Most people meet their selenium requirements through vegetables.
Selenium in soil is absorbed by food plants, and its nutritional
value is not diminished by processing or cooking. The quantity
of selenium in the soil where the plants are grown determines
the amount available in the resulting food. Some areas, like the
central and mountain US states, have very high selenium levels,
and food form these areas is rich in selenium. Selenium can also
be obtained from meats produced from animals fed on foodstuffs
grown in selenium-rich areas. Brazil nuts and walnuts are good
sources of selenium.
Selenium is a trace element found in soil, and is required in
small amounts to maintain good health. It is essential for many
body processes and is present in nearly every cell but especially
in the kidneys, liver, spleen, testes, and pancreas.
Selenium acts as an antioxidant against free radicals that damage
our DNA. It is often included with Vitamins C and E to help fight
against cancer, heart disease and even aging. It has also been
used to fight viral infections and may even slow the progression
of AIDS/HIV. Selenium also contributes to good health by promoting
normal liver function.
Other benefits of selenium include the protection against heart
disease, the protection against toxic minerals, and the neutralisation
of alcohol, smoke, and fats. It can help to increase male potency
and it also involved in the maintenance of hair, skin and eyes.
Major Benefits of Selenium
Selenium has been receiving huge attention in recent times due
to its role in combating cancer. A five year study has been carried
out and it has shown that people taking 200mcg a day there were
63% less prostate tumours, 58% less colorectal cancers, 46% less
lung malignancies and a 39% overall decrease in cancer deaths.
This study was carried out at Cornell University and the University
of Arizona.
In other studies selenium has also shown promise in helping to
prevent other cancers such as cancer of the cervix, rectum, ovaries,
bladder, oesophagus, pancreas and liver. It is also being tested
against leukaemia with the hope of promising results.
With this in mind scientists are on a daily basis continuing to
research into the benefits of selenium and how it may indeed be
among the answers for curing cancer.
Additionally, selenium can protect the heart, primarily by reducing
the "stickiness" of the blood and decreasing the risk of clotting,
in turn, lowering the risk of heart attack, and stroke. Moreover,
selenium increases the ratio of HDL ("good") cholesterol to LDL
("bad") cholesterol, which is critical for a healthy heart. Smokers
or those who've already had a heart attack or stroke may gain
the greatest cardiovascular benefits from selenium supplements,
though everyone can profit from taking selenium in a daily vitamin
and mineral supplement.
Remain In Good Health with the Benefits
Of Selenium
Selenium may be useful in preventing cataracts and macular degeneration,
the leading causes of impaired vision or blindness in older Americans.
It is also vital for converting thyroid hormone, which is needed
for the proper functioning of every cell in the body, from a less
active form (called T4) to its active form (known as T3). In addition,
selenium is essential for a healthy immune system, assisting the
body in defending itself against harmful bacteria and viruses,
as well as cancer cells. Its immune-boosting effects may play
a role in fighting the herpes virus that is responsible for cold
sores and shingles, and it is also being studied for possible
effectiveness against HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.
When combined with vitamin E, selenium appears to have some anti-inflammatory
benefits as well. These two nutrients may improve chronic conditions
such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, lupus, and eczema.
Selenium Deficiency
A selenium deficiency can be very serious, even leading to death
in some cases. While rare, it is a condition you should know about,
considering its harmful effects. Some conditions known to be a
result of selenium deficiency include:
Fatigue
Miscarriage
Hyperthyroidism
Lack of mental dexterity
Diseases that Can BeCaused by this
Deficiency
Keshan disease is viral disease and mostly affects children.
It is caused by a deficient amount of selenium present in the
body. The main symptom of this condition is myocardial necrosis,
which leads to the weakening of the heart and a general weakness
of the heart muscle. Keshan disease can also make a person much
more susceptible to developing other illnesses.
Kashin-Beck disease occurs when the body is deficient of both
selenium and iodine. The symptoms this can then present include
the degeneration of cartilage.
Causes a Selenium Deficiency
Eating food that is grown in soil lacking this nutrient is thought
to be the primary cause. Also, people suffering from intestinal
disorders that make the absorption of selenium next to impossible
are at an elevated risk for developing this deficiency.
Treatment
Treatment usually consists of taking selenium supplements until
the bodys levels have returned to normal. However, supplements
may always be necessary if absorption is a problem. The real trick
to combating selenium deficiency is to prevent it from ever happening.
This can be done by eating a well balanced diet and seeing your
doctor regularly.
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Silicon
Silicon is the second most abundant element of the earth's crust
(26%), second only to oxygen in abundance (49%). Silica, also
known as silicon dioxide, is a compound made out of the two most
abundant elements in the Earth's crust, silicon and oxygen (SiO2).
Silicon is not found free in nature but occurs chiefly as silica.
Silicon is important to plant and animal life. Silicon was recognized
as an essential trace element is 1972. In the human body, silicon
is found in the connective tissues, tendons, ligaments, cartilage,
and blood vessels and it is thought that the mineral is essential
for their integrity. Silicon is also required for healthy nails,
skin and hair and for calcium absorption in the early stages of
bone formation. Studies have shown that the amount of silicon
in arteries starts to decline as atherosclerosis starts to develop.
French research suggests that silicon can help to prevent osteoporosis
and can be used to treat bone fractures. Aging and low estrogen
levels reputedly decrease the body's ability to absorb silicon.
A human fetus has an abundant supply of silicon in many tissues.
Collagen, a primary component of connective tissue and a third
of all body protein, is rich in silicon. Elastin is also rich
in silicon. Silica, in close cooperation with vitamin C, has the
ability of holding moisture in tissues through compounds known
as mucopolysaccharides. Also known as glycosaminoglycanes, these
mucilaginous carbohydrates together with collagen and elastin
make up our connective tissues. Silica is also vital for tooth
structures. It is involved in the hardening of enamel, prevents
bleeding gums and recession (a cause of loose teeth) which ultimately
can prevent the need for dentures. Horsetail is among the riches
plant sources of silicon in the form of monosilicic acid, which
the body can readily use.
Natural Sources
Horsetail, Equisetum arvense, herb and extracts are the most concentrated
sources of silica for dietary supplements. Many foods also contain
silica including alfalfa sprouts, beets, brown rice, bell peppers,
soybeans, leafy green vegetables, root vegetables, cooked dried
beans and peas, and whole grain breads and cereals. Silicon is
also sold as trace silicic acid and sodium metasilicate.
Therapeutic Uses
Aging Disorders
Alzheimer's Disease Atherosclerosis
Back Pain
Bone Health
Bone Mending Brittle Hair
Broken Bones Bursitis Capillary
Strength Dental Health
Fetal Development
Fractures
Fragile Nails
Hair Health
Immune System
Health Internal Cosmetic
Lower Back Pain
Mineral Deficiency (RDI=5-20mg/day)
Osteomalacia Prevention
Osteoporosis
Poultice
Rickets Prevention
Skin Disorders
Sprains
Tendinitis Torn Ligaments
Vascular Disorders
Wound Healing
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Sodium
In its many forms and compounds, sodium as an element reaches
far into the universe, being a component of stars, as well as
being an essential nutrient for the human body. Although it was
not isolated in a pure form until 1807 by Sir Humphrey Davy, it
was realized to connect to human health for centuries. Now a quick
little factoid: in Europe during the middle ages, sodium was used
as part of a headache remedy.
Sodium is an essential mineral or micro nutrient found in the
bones as well as the fluid surrounding cells. It is a component
of body secretions such as saliva and enzymes, and is lost when
the body sweats. Excess dietary sodium is excreted through the
urine. Sodium along with potassium helps to regulate the bodys
fluid balance.
Unlike other minerals, sodium (or sodium chloride or popularly
termed as salt) has a identifiable and familiar taste.
With all the bad press concerning sodium intake today, it is easy
to forget sodium is an essential nutrient to the health and functioning
of the body.
Sodium Enjoys an Important Role
in the Circulatory System
The body needs sodium to regulate blood pressure, as well as
the volume of the blood itself.
It guards against dangerous blood clotting in the blood vessels.
This happens in relation to what it does in the balancing
of the fluids in the body, working with potassium
and chloride in equilibrium processes.
Sodium helps regulate heartbeat, as well as nerve function,
helping the nerves to be able to communicate effectively.
Sodium, like calcium, magnesium, and potassium, is an electrolyte.
Without sodium to help the brain and nerves speak to one another,
the basic five senses would not function properly.
Sodium also has a high ranking role in the digestive system,
particularly in the metabolism of food to useful and accessible
energy for the bodily processes. It helps prevent
the digestive acids from burning the stomach lining.
It partners with potassium in some processes, making the balance
between these two minerals very important in the body.
Sodium is essential to the functioning of the pancreas, spleen
and liver.
It helps keep the joints flexible and limber.
Benefits of Sodium
A low sodium diet along with exercise, weight loss and medication
helps reduce high blood pressure in most people.
Sodium helps maintain proper distribution of water in the body,
as well as blood pressure.
Important for maintaining the proper acid-base balance and in
the transmission of nerve impulses and muscle contraction.
The kidney efficiently reabsorbs sodium when intake is either
low or losses are excessive.
Sodium is beneficial for the treatment of diarrhoea, muscle
cramps, dehydration, and fever, since it has the property
of holding water in body tissues.
Sodium also helps to keep calcium and other minerals soluble
in the blood, as well as stimulates the functioning of the
adrenal glands. Sodium helps in preventing heat stroke.
The most common form of dietary sodium is table salt, which contains
40 percent sodium. One teaspoon of table salt contains about 2,300
mg of sodium.
Sodium Deficiency
Sodium deficiency is not quite common. Most of us infact consume
more sodium than the recommended daily allowance. Excess sodium
intake is linked with high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease.
The most frequently observed sodium deficiency occurs when excessive
heat causes heavy perspiration, thus reducing body water and sodium
to the extent that dehydration affects normal functioning of the
body.
Symptoms of Sodium Deficiency
Weakness
Loss of appetite
Nausea as well as cramps in the muscles and stomach.
Such persons should use increased amounts of table salt in their
food to supplement the sodium lost due to dehydration
and sweating.
In rare cases, sodium deficiency can also lead to shock due
to decreased blood pressure. This can also take place if the
kidney is not able to reabsorb the sodium in the body.
The person may have muscle or stomach cramps, nausea, fatigue,
mental apathy, appetite loss.
High Sodium Intake is it Toxic?
A high sodium diet may lead to water retention, hypertension,
high blood pressure and heart disease, even kidney stones. A high-sodium
diet also increases the need for potassium by the body. However,
sodium is generally nontoxic in healthy adult individuals because
the extra is excreted through the urine.
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Sulphur
The greater part of the sulphur present in the human body is contained
in the two sulphurcontaining amino acids, methionine and cysteine.
Sulphur is a pale yellow, non-metallic element. In the body sulphur
is found only in combination with some other constituents of the
body. It does not exist in a free state.
Sulphur from foods is absorbed as an organic compound and after
metabolism, it is converted into sulphate and excreted in the
urine.
Sulphur is essential for the synthesis of vitamin B1. It helps
in the digestion of fats and controls the metabolism of carbohydrates.
It is essential for healthy hair, skin, and nails. Along with
B complex vitamins, it aids the liver in bile secretion.
It is referred to in the Bible as brimstone and it is the fourth
most abundant mineral in the body, but sulphur is often forgotten
as a crucial element in health, including that of our skin and
nails. This vital mineral is a constituent of keratin and collagen
- substances in skin, nails and hair. It is believed that sulphur
ejects some of the waste and poisonous matter from the system.
It helps to keep the skin clear of blemishes and makes it glossy.
Benefits of Sulphur
Aids in necessary oxidation reactions in the body
Coats intestinal tract so parasites lose ability to hang on
Constituent of bones and teeth
Contributes to fat digestion and absorption
Controls acidity in stomach ulcers
Disinfects the blood
Helpful in stopping urinary tract infections and constipation
problems
Helps the body to resist bacteria
Helps the liver produce choline
Helps with hypersensitivity to drugs
Important for carbohydrate metabolism
Increases blood circulation
Increases bodys ability to produce insulin
Increases energy, alertness, mental calmness and the ability
to concentrate
Necessary for developmental and neurological processes
Needed for the manufacture of many proteins, including those
forming hair, muscles, and skin
Needed for the synthesis of collagen
Needed to regulate blood sugar
Permits muscles to heal
Protects against toxic substances, harmful effects of radiation,
and pollution
Protects the protoplasm of cells
Reduces muscle cramps and back pain
Relieves allergies to food, and pollens
Removes inflammation
Scavenges free radicals
Slows down the aging process
Speeds wound healing
Stimulates bile secretion
Sulphur Deficiency
Arthritis
Asthma
Back pain
Circulatory problems
Constipation
Dry skin
Inflammation
Migraines
Skin disorders
Stress
Urinary tract disorders
Various musculoskeletal disorders
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Label
Titanium
Titanium is non-toxic even in large doses and does not play any
natural role inside the human body. An estimated 0.8 milligrams
of titanium is ingested by humans each day but most passes through
without being absorbed. It does, however, have a tendency to bio-accumulate
in tissues that contain silica. An unknown mechanism in plants
may use titanium to stimulate the production of carbohydrates
and encourage growth. This may explain why most plants contain
about 1 part per million (ppm) of titanium, food plants have about
2 ppm, and horsetail and nettle contain up to 80 ppm.
As a powder or in the form of metal shavings, titanium metal poses
a significant fire hazard and, when heated in air, an explosion
hazard. Water and carbon dioxide-based methods to extinguish fires
are ineffective on burning titanium; Class D dry powder fire fighting
agents must be used instead.
When used in the production or handling of chlorine, care must
be taken to use titanium only in locations where it will not be
exposed to dry chlorine gas which can result in a titanium/chlorine
fire. A fire hazard exists even when titanium is used in wet chlorine
due to possible unexpected drying brought about by extreme weather
conditions.
Titanium can catch fire when a fresh, non-oxidized surface comes
in contact with liquid oxygen. Such surfaces can appear when the
oxidized surface is struck with a hard object, or when a mechanical
strain causes the emergence of a crack.
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Label
Zinc
Zinc is an essential mineral that is naturally present in some
foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement.
Zinc is also found in many cold lozenges and some over-the-counter
drugs sold as cold remedies.
Zinc is involved in numerous aspects of cellular metabolism. It
is required for the catalytic activity of approximately 100 enzymes
and it plays a role in immune function, protein synthesis, wound
healing, DNA synthesis, and cell division. Zinc also supports
normal growth and development during pregnancy, childhood, and
adolescence and is required for proper sense of taste and smell.
A daily intake of zinc is required to maintain a steady state
because the body has no specialized zinc storage system.
Zinc Benefits
Ability to prevent colds and shorten the duration of colds.
Help AIDS patients increase their immunity.
Necessary for the function of many enzymes in the body.
Aids in regulating hormones
Help maintain prostate health and even increase fertility.
Help prevent and heal cold sores.
Aids in the bodys absorption of minerals
Help prevent osteoporosis by helping the body absorb calcium.
Improve the health of your skin and hair.
Help reduce the appearance of acne.
Help heal ulcers, and it can help you maintain a healthy digestive
tract.
Zinc Deficiency
Zinc deficiency is characterized by growth retardation
Loss of appetite, and impaired immune function
Hair loss
Diarrhea
Delayed sexual maturation
Impotence
Hypogonadism in males and eye and skin lesions
Weight loss
Delayed healing of wounds
Taste abnormalities, and mental lethargy
Zinc nutritional status is difficult to measure adequately using
laboratory tests due to its distribution throughout the body as
a component of various proteins and nucleic acids. Plasma or serum
zinc levels are the most commonly used indices for evaluating
zinc deficiency, but these levels do not necessarily reflect cellular
zinc status due to tight homeostatic control mechanisms. Clinical
effects of zinc deficiency can be present in the absence of abnormal
laboratory indices. Clinicians consider risk factors (such as
inadequate caloric intake, alcoholism, and digestive diseases)
and symptoms of zinc deficiency (such as impaired growth in infants
and children) when determining the need for zinc supplementation.
Groups at Risk of Zinc Inadequacy
When zinc deficiency does occur, it is usually due to inadequate
zinc intake or absorption, increased losses of zinc from the body,
or increased requirements for zinc. People at risk of zinc deficiency
or inadequacy need to include good sources of zinc in their daily
diets.
People with Gastrointestinal and other Diseases
Gastrointestinal surgery and digestive disorders (such as ulcerative
colitis, Crohns disease, and short bowel syndrome) can decrease
zinc absorption and increase endogenous zinc losses primarily
from the gastrointestinal tract and, to a lesser extent, from
the kidney.
Vegetarians
The bioavailability of zinc from vegetarian diets is lower than
from non-vegetarian diets because vegetarians do not eat meat,
which is high in bioavailable zinc and may enhance zinc absorption.
Pregnant and Lactating Women
Pregnant women, particularly those starting their pregnancy with
marginal zinc status, are at increased risk of becoming zinc insufficient
due, in part, to high fetal requirements for zinc. Lactation can
also deplete maternal zinc stores.
People with Sickle Cell Disease
Results from a large cross-sectional survey suggest that 44% of
children with sickle cell disease have a low plasma zinc concentration,
possibly due to increased nutrient requirements and/or poor nutritional
status.
Alcoholics
Approximately 30%50% of alcoholics have low zinc status because
ethanol consumption decreases intestinal absorption of zinc and
increases urinary zinc excretion.
